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The relationship between fertility and intelligence has been investigated in many demographic studies. There is evidence that, on a population level, intelligence is negatively correlated with fertility rate and positively correlated with survival rate of offspring.
Other correlates of IQ include income and educational attainment, [6] which are also fertility factors that are inversely correlated with fertility rate, and are to some degree heritable. Although fertility measures offspring per woman, if one needs to predict population-level changes, the average age of motherhood also needs to be considered, with lower age of motherhood potentially having a greater effect than fertility rate.
For example, a subpopulation with fertility rate of 4 with average age of reproduction at 40 years old, generally speaking, will have relatively less genotypical growth than a subpopulation with fertility rate of 3 but average age of reproduction at 20 years old. The negative correlation between fertility and intelligence as measured by IQ has been argued to have existed in many parts of the world. Early studies, however, were "superficial and illusory" and not clearly supported by the limited data they collected.
Some of the first studies into the subject were carried out on individuals living before the advent of IQ testing, in the late 19th century, birth order and intelligence essay looking at the fertility of men listed in Who's Whothese individuals being presumably of high intelligence. These men, taken as a whole, had few children, implying a correlation. Nobel Prize—winning physicist William Shockley controversially argued from the mids through the s that "the future of the population was threatened because people with low IQs had more children than those with high IQs.
InWeyl and Possony asserted that comparatively small differences in average intelligence can become very large differences in the very high IQ ranges. A decline in average psychometric intelligence of only a few points will mean a much smaller population of gifted individuals, birth order and intelligence essay. More rigorous studies carried out on Americans alive after the Second World War returned different results suggesting a slight positive correlation with respect to intelligence.
The findings from these investigations were consistent enough for Osborn and Bajema, writing as late asto conclude that fertility patterns were eugenicand that "the reproductive trend toward an increase in the frequency of genes associated with higher IQ will birth order and intelligence essay continue in the foreseeable future in the United States and will be found also in other industrial welfare-state democracies.
Several reviewers considered the findings premature, arguing that the samples were nationally unrepresentative, generally being confined to whites born between and in the Great Lakes States. InDaniel R. Vining, Jr. sought to address these birth order and intelligence essay in a large study on the fertility of over 10, birth order and intelligence essay, individuals throughout the United Stateswho were then aged 25 to Vining argued that this indicated a drop in the genotypic average IQ of 1.
In a study, Retherford and Sewell examined the association between the measured intelligence and fertility of over 9, high school graduates in Wisconsin inbirth order and intelligence essay, and confirmed the inverse relationship between IQ and fertility for both sexes, but much more so for females. If children had, on average, the same IQ as their parents, IQ would decline by.
Another way of checking the negative relationship between IQ and fertility is to consider the relationship which educational attainment has to fertility, since education is known to be a reasonable proxy for IQ, correlating with IQ at.
The Bell Curve argued that the average genotypic IQ of the United States was declining due to both dysgenetic fertility and large scale immigration of groups with low average IQ.
In a study Richard Lynn examined the relationship between the intelligence of adults aged 40 and above and their numbers of children and their siblings. Data was collected from a National Opinion Research Center survey among a representative sample of English-speaking individuals aged 18 years. He found negative correlations between the intelligence of American adults and the number of children and siblings that they had, but only for females.
He also reported that there was virtually no correlation between women's intelligence and the number of children they considered ideal. In Lynn and Marian Van Court attempted a straightforward replication of Vining's work. Their study returned similar results, with the genotypic decline measuring at 0. Boutwell et al, birth order and intelligence essay. A study by Satoshi Kanazawa using data from the National Child Development Study found that more intelligent women and men were more likely to want to be childless, but that only more intelligent women — not men — were more likely to actually be childless.
Although much of the research into intelligence and fertility has been restricted to individuals within a single nation usually the United StatesSteven Shatz extended the research internationally; he finds that "There is a strong tendency for countries with lower national IQ scores birth order and intelligence essay have higher fertility rates and for countries with higher national IQ scores to have lower fertility rates.
They estimated that birth order and intelligence essay effect had been "a decline in the world's genotypic IQ of 0. A further decline of 1. They thought it probable that both birth order and intelligence essay and phenotypic IQ will gradually start to decline for the whole world. A theory to explain the fertility-intelligence relationship is that while income and IQ are positively correlated, [6] income is also in itself a fertility factor that correlates inversely with fertility, that is, the higher the incomes, the lower the fertility rates and vice versa, birth order and intelligence essay.
The higher the level of education and GDP per capita of a human populationsub-population or social stratumthe fewer children are born.
In a UN population conference in BucharestKaran Singha former minister of population in Indiaencapsulated this relationship by stating "Development is the best contraceptive". In most countries, education is inversely correlated to childbearing. People often delay childbearing in order to spend more time getting education, and thus have fewer children. Conversely, early childbearing can interfere with education, so people with early or frequent childbearing are likely to be less educated.
While education and childbearing place competing demands on a person's resources, education is positively correlated with IQ. While there is less research into men's fertility and education, in developed countries evidence suggests that highly-educated men display higher levels of childbearing compared to less-educated men. As a country becomes more developed, education rates increase and fertility rates decrease for both men and women. Fertility has fallen faster for both less-educated men and women than it has for highly-educated men and women.
In the Nordic countries of Birth order and intelligence essay, Norway, and Sweden, fertility for less-educated women has now fallen enough that childlessness is now highest among the least educated women just as it is for men.
Another study found that after an unwanted pregnancy has occurred, higher IQ couples are more likely to obtain abortions; [36] and unmarried teenage girls who become pregnant are found to be more likely to carry their babies to term if they are doing poorly in school.
Conversely, while desired family size in the United States is apparently the same for women of all IQ levels, [16] [ dubious — discuss ] highly educated women are found to be more likely to say that they desire more children than they have, indicating a "deficit fertility" in the highly intelligent. While it may seem obvious that such differences in fertility would result in a progressive change of IQ, birth order and intelligence essay, Preston and Campbell argued that this is a mathematical fallacy that applies only when looking at closed subpopulations.
In their mathematical model, with constant differences in fertility, since children's IQ can be more or less than that of their parents, a steady-state equilibrium is argued to be established between different subpopulations with different IQ. The mean IQ will not change in the absence of birth order and intelligence essay change of the fertility differences. The steady-state IQ distribution will be lower for negative differential fertility than for positive, but these differences are small.
For the extreme and unrealistic assumption of endogamous mating in IQ subgroups, birth order and intelligence essay, a differential fertility change of 2. For random mating, the shift is less than one IQ point. Coleman, however, argues that Preston and Campbell's model depends on assumptions which are unlikely to be true. The general increase in IQ test scores, the Flynn effecthas been argued to be evidence against dysgenic arguments.
Geneticist Steve Connor wrote that Lynn, writing in Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations"misunderstood modern ideas of genetics. However, it has been argued that genotypic IQ may decrease even while phenotypic IQ rises throughout the population due to environmental effects such as better nutrition and education. Some of the studies looking at relation between IQ and fertility cover the fertility of individuals who have attained a particular age, thereby ignoring positive correlation between IQ and survival.
To make conclusions about effects on IQ of future populations, such effects would have to be taken into account. Recent research has shown that education and socioeconomic status are better indicators of fertility and suggests that the relationship between intelligence and number of children may be spurious.
When controlling for education and socioeconomic status, the relationship between intelligence and number of children, intelligence and number of siblings, and intelligence and ideal number of children reduces to statistical insignificance.
Among women, a post-hoc analysis revealed that the lowest and highest intelligence scores did not differ significantly by number of children. Other research suggest that siblings born further apart achieve higher educational outcomes.
Therefore, sibling density, not number of siblings, may explain the negative association between IQ and number of siblings. A study by the Institute of Psychiatry determined that men with higher IQ's tend to have better quality sperm than lower IQ males, even when considering age and lifestyle, stating that the genes underlying intelligence may be multi-factored.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Further information: Income and fertility. Population and Development Review, birth order and intelligence essay.
doi : JSTOR Personality and Individual Differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ISSN PMC PMID The Origin of the Mind: Evolution of Brain, Cognition, and General Intelligence.
American Psychological Association APA. ISBN OCLC The Builders of America. New York: Morrow. The Nature and Transmission of the Genetic and Cultural Characteristics of Human Populations.
New York: Milbank Memorial Fund. A Science Odyssey People and Discoveries. PBS online. Retrieved Shockley on Eugenics and Race: The Application of Science to the Solution of Human Problems. Scott-Townsend Publishers. The Geography of Intellect. Social Biology. Psychological Reports. S2CID The genetic implications of family planning".
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Free Essays Fetched to You. StudyCorgi grants free access to an enormous database of essay examples.. These samples are intended for high school, college, and university students. Check them out to kickstart your own ideas and improve your writing 1 day ago · Essay on food and waste recent essay questions for ielts, short essay on green environment case study on artificial intelligence in healthcare, usf supplemental essays formal expressions in english essay, case study psychology disadvantages important of reading newspaper essay what is the importance of simon in lord of the flies essay The birth rate in a period is the total number of live births per 1, population divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. [clarification needed] The birth rate (along with mortality
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